3 Important Considerations for Anesthesiologists Treating Patients With Substance Use Disorders
Doctors Magazine
3 Important Considerations for Anesthesiologists Treating Patients With Substance Use Disorders
Anesthesiologists face unique challenges when treating patients with substance use disorders. This article delves into crucial considerations that can significantly impact patient care and outcomes. Drawing on insights from experts in the field, it offers practical guidance for anesthesiologists to enhance their approach to these complex cases.
- Take Detailed History for Personalized Care
- Review Medical Records and Consult Specialists
- Implement Multimodal Analgesia for Opioid Reduction
Take Detailed History for Personalized Care
One of the most important considerations for anesthesiologists caring for patients with substance use disorders is to take a detailed and judgment-free history that captures what the patient uses, how much, and when they last used. These elements are essential to anticipating both physiologic tolerance and potential withdrawal during the perioperative period.
Equally critical is recognizing that many patients carry legitimate fear that they will be either undertreated due to stigma or overtreated in a way that threatens their recovery. To address this, I make space for a transparent conversation where patients can express their concerns, ask questions, and be seen as whole people — not just "difficult" cases.
Whenever possible, I collaborate directly with the patient's addiction specialist, psychologist, or support team prior to surgery. This allows us to align on expectations, pain management strategies, and postoperative care plans that are clinically sound and recovery-safe.
I also prioritize regional anesthetic techniques — nerve blocks, neuraxial anesthesia, or local infiltration — to minimize systemic opioid use when appropriate. This not only improves pain control but also reduces the risk of relapse for patients in recovery.
Ultimately, the goal is to deliver safe, individualized care that honors both the medical complexities and the lived experience of the patient. Substance use history should never be a barrier to excellent, compassionate anesthetic care.
Review Medical Records and Consult Specialists
I believe the most important consideration when providing anesthetic care to patients with substance use disorders is to spend extra time reviewing the patient's medical history, specifically their substance abuse history. These details will guide many decisions made before, during, and after the operation. It's also crucial to obtain a urine toxicity screening to ensure the patient isn't using any undisclosed drugs, in addition to having them sign a contract allowing access to their history. Here in Illinois, this information is available on a website called ILPMP. This enables you to conduct drug screenings and access other necessary records to ensure you have a complete medical history.
Each case of substance abuse has unique characteristics that can present unexpected challenges in either the short or long term, requiring extra attention to anticipate and prevent issues. We always approach treatment in a way that maximizes patient comfort, health, and quality of life. With respect to substance abuse, this can range from avoiding certain medications with a high likelihood of abuse to augmenting doses of medications to ensure efficacy despite a patient's potential tolerance. It is impossible to administer anesthesia without careful consideration of substance abuse history, as these details can prompt major changes in the treatment approach. Additionally, consulting with other physicians or experts, such as psychiatrists and addiction specialists, can complement an extensive evaluation of the patient's history.
It's also crucial to consider the patient's history when making post-operative recommendations. If there are any risks of the treatment contributing to relapse or other forms of abuse, these risks need to be anticipated, and a plan should be in place should the patient require post-operative care or support.
Implement Multimodal Analgesia for Opioid Reduction
Important Consideration
A key concern for anesthesiologists caring for patients with SUDs is the increased likelihood of opioid tolerance and altered pain mechanisms, impacting the management of both anesthetic dosing and acute postoperative pain. Individuals with SUDs may need more of a pain drug in order to get a beneficial analgesic effect due to tolerance, potentially putting them at increased risk for respiratory depression or relapse. Still, insufficient pain control can worsen distress and further complicate recovery issues.
Dealing with Obstacles and Ensuring Safety
To combat this, anesthesiologists must take a meticulous preoperative history of substance use, medications, and past anesthetic encounters, frequently in conjunction with addiction specialists. For instance, employing multimodal analgesia, which is a combination of non-opioid medications that include acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and regional anesthesia techniques, decreases dependence on opioids. An anesthetic was used in the form of a ketamine infusion and nerve block for a case from a patient with an opioid use disorder, sparing the use of opioids but providing adequate analgesic therapies for that patient. Intraoperative monitoring with new-generation tools such as bispectral index (BIS) can provide exact information about anesthesia depth and prevent overdose. Post-surgical management consists of careful PACU monitoring and pain service notification of SUD-related needs. Education of the patient regarding pain expectations and other opioid-alternative analgesics builds trust and promotes adherence.
Outcome
This approach resulted in a 40% reduction in opioid usage for the patient and decreased the likelihood of complications, while facilitating recovery, as well as maintaining safety and effective patient care.
Key Takeaway
Customized, multimodal approaches and interdisciplinary teamwork are necessary to ensure a safe and successful anesthetic regimen in patients with SUDs.
