I usually start with the X-ray and explain only the options, never with a specific number.
I turn the screen, point at exactly where the problem is, and say: “According to your X-rays, this is what is going on, and we have a few options for you.” No prices yet.
Patients usually ask about the cost themselves, and they never have to say, “I cannot afford that.”
When I describe the options, I am honest about the trade-off without making anyone feel small. For a crown I will say we can go for zirconia, which lasts the longest and looks the best, although it is slightly more expensive, and then explain PFM beside it. The word slightly matters, as it keeps the door open instead of closing it.
Two rules sit underneath all of this.
Pain comes first. Nothing else gets discussed until that is handled.
Function beats aesthetics. That is what lets me offer a cheaper option without offering a worse one. A GIC filling instead of composite is not the poor version; it is still solving the actual problem.
For orthodontic treatments, I usually offer installment plans, and people are usually happy with that.
The hardest call is when a treatment will not last. If an adult is in pain, the tooth has a poor prognosis, and they cannot fund the root canal and the crown that has to follow it, I recommend extraction. Doing half of a treatment I already know will fail is worse than not starting it.
That flips completely for a child. A 12-year-old with a permanent tooth gets everything I have, because that tooth does not come again.
And if someone truly cannot afford care at all, a teaching hospital or dental school clinic is the last line, and I say so.